Te Tāutu Whakahoahoa Ako / Instructional Design Defined
He tukanga whakapunahatanga te whakahoahoa ako hei whakawhanake tukutahi i te whakahaeretanga ako me ngā rauemi ako.
Ko te āta tūhonohono whakaraupapa rānei i ngā momo rauemi ataata ā hiko (hangarau mōhiohio) me ngā kaupapa ako hei āwhina i ngā ākonga me ngā kaiako te matua mahi o te whakahoahoa ako.
Ko te āta aroturuki ki te whakamātau o te ākonga, ā, te tāutu hoki i ngā whainga mutunga o te akoranga me te whakarite rauemi whakataunga ako hei āwhina i te tauwhironga ngā tukanga whānuitanga o te whakahoahoa ako.
E tika ana ka whai whakaaro ai te tukanga i ngā ariā matua o ngā mātāpono kaupapa ako (pedagogies) tūturu i ngā takiwā o te ākonga, i te ārahitanga o te kaiako i ngā wāhi hāpori rānei.
I ahu mai te whai whakaaro whakahoahoa ako i ngā tikanga tūturu o te kaupapa ā hinengaro (cognitive), te kaupapa whanonga (behavioural psychology).
Tauira Whakahoahoa Ako / ID Models
Ko te tauira whakahoahoa ako rongonui pea ki te whakarite ki te whai whakaaro whakahaeretanga ako rauemi rānei ko ADDIE. Ko ēnei ngā wahanga e rima e whai whakaarohia e ADDIE:
* Analyze - ko te whakatātari i ngā āhuatanga ako, ngā whakaakoranga atu
* Design - te whakaarotanga ki ngā whainga ako, te kōwhiri huarahi ako
* Develop - te whakarite i ngā ihirangi kaupapa akoranga me ngā rauemi
* Implement - te tuku tohatoha rānei i ngā ihirangi kaupapa ako
* Evaluate - te aroturuki i te whakatutukitanga o ngā whainga e ngā ihiranga kaupapa ako
He whakaaturanga whakaahua porowhita tēnei i ōna ariā matua tirohia. Ka whai haere te nuinga o ngā tauira whakahoahoa ako o ēnei rā i a ADDIE.
He kaupapa rangatira hoki te whai ake i ngā kōrero rangahau i te whakarite whakahoahoa ako pērā i te whanonga (behaviorism), te ahunga (constructivism), te hāpori ako (social learning) me te kaupapa ā hinengaro (cognitivism). Ka āwhina ngā kaupapa rangatira nei i te ahunga o ngā tāutunga i ngā putanga ako o ngā whakahoahoa rauemi ako.
Kai Rangahau / Researchers
* Lev Vygotsky - Learning as a social activity - 1930s
* B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism - 1940s
* Benjamin Bloom - Taxonomies of the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains - 1955
* R.F. Mager - ABCD model for instructional objectives - 1962
* Jean Piaget - Cognitive development - 1960s
* Seymour Papert - LOGO - 1970s
* Robert M. Gagné - Nine Events of Instruction - 1970s
* Jerome Bruner - Constructivism
* Dick, W. & Carey, L. "The Systematic Design of Instruction" - 1978
* Michael Simonson - Instructional Systems and Design via Distance Education - 1980s
* M. David Merrill and Charles Reigeluth - Elaboration Theory / Component Display Theory / PEAnets - 1980s
* Robert Heinich, Michael Molenda, James Russell - Instructional Media and the new technologies of instruction 3rd ed. - Educational Technology - 1989
* Roger Schank - Constructivist simulations - 1990s
* David Jonassen - Cognitivist problem-solving strategies - 1990s
* Ruth Clark - Theories on instructional design and technical training - 1990s
* Charles Graham and Curtis Bonk - Blended learning - 2000s